Growing waratahs
Description
The New South Wales Waratah Telopea speciosissima is a large, long-lived shrub or tree that generally grows to about 3 m tall. It may reach 5 m in the absence of the fires - however, fires are common in its natural habitat. After a fire a waratah can regenerate from a ‘lignotuber’ - a woody swelling of its stem that lies partly or wholly under the ground.
Natural habitat
The NSW Waratah grows naturally in patches of sandy loam on ridges and plateaus in the Sydney geological basin, the Central and South Coast districts and the Blue Mountains of New South Wales.
History
Waratahs feature in Aboriginal legend. They were also used by early European settlers for basket-making - among other uses - and they are depicted in many everyday items such as paintings and pottery. They have been used for company logos and as architectural ornamentation, and the name has been used for towns, steamships and even football teams.
Naming
The common name ‘Waratah’ was coined by Australian Aborigines and means ‘red-flowering tree’. The botanical name ‘Telopea’ means ‘seen from afar’, and ‘speciosissima’ means 'most beautiful'. The Waratah truly is a most beautiful plant, especially when in flower, and was described by early botanists as the ‘most magnificent plant’ in New Holland. Now symbolically instated as the floral emblem of NSW, the Waratah has become arguably the most famous and recognisable Australian plant.
Conservation
The New South Wales Waratah was once abundant in many areas of the Sydney metropolitan area, and the species’ survival is now due to its existence in national parks, reserves and relatively inaccessible areas.
Please don't pick waratahs when you see them growing in the bush. Apart from depriving others of the enjoyment of seeing them in their natural habitat, this practice depletes natural seed reserves and often results in poor quality blooms compared with those from well-cultivated plants.
Research
The New South Wales Waratah (Telopea speciosissima) is extremely variable in flower form, size and colour, leaf shape and density, plant vigour and flower production. This variability has no doubt helped it to survive, but it makes the commercial selection and development difficult. Cathy Offord, our Horticultural Research Officer based at Mount Annan Botanic Garden, has worked on the horticulture of waratahs for the past eight years and is continuing her involvement in the conservation and horticulture of Australian plant species.
Other species of waratahs
The NSW Waratah is not the only species of Telopea. All the other species of waratah grow on Australia's eastern seaboard and have smaller and less spectacular blooms than Telopea speciosissima. They are the Gibraltar Range Waratah (Telopea aspera), the Braidwood Waratah (Telopea mongaensis), the Gippsland Waratah (Telopea oreades), the Tasmanian Waratah (Telopea truncata).
A number of cultivars are also available, such as ‘Wirrimbirra White’ and ‘Shady Lady’.
Cultivation
- Transplant in autumn to a wind protected area.
- Partially shaded with morning sun is best, although waratahs will grow in full sun.
- Plant at least 1.5 m apart or into very large pots.
- Mulch soil with composted leaf mulch to prevent roots drying out.
- Waratahs need regular watering. The roots should never be allowed to dry out, however they hate ‘wet feet’ - so ensure their medium is free draining (whether in a container or in the ground). It can be beneficial to mound up topsoil - to 0.5 m high - and to incorporate leaf mulch into the soil. You can see an example of mounding with sand in the Banksia Garden at Mount Annan.
- Fertilise with a low-phosphorus slow-release fertiliser or 'blood and bone' in late winter or early spring.
- Cultivated waratahs require heavy pruning once established. About 3/4 of the plant should be removed immediately after flowering to reinvigorate the plants. New shoots should flower the following year. Prune off any weak stems as this will stimulate re-shooting.
- For information on commercial cultivation of Waratahs click here or see NSW Agriculture for other Australian species.
Flowering
- Waratahs flower over a six-week period in spring (September–October) in the Sydney region, but later in cooler areas. The size and shape of the blooms of the New South Wales Waratah can very considerably, as can the range of naturally occurring colours, although the majority are red and pink.
- A commercially available white variety known as 'Wirrimbirra White' is not true white but a creamy yellow or greenish colour.
- The main pollinators of waratahs are birds, which are attracted by the copious amounts of nectar and bright colours.
Propagation
- The easiest way to propagate waratahs is from seed - the fresher the better - but it is also possible to strike them from cuttings.
- Seedling plants take about five years to flower, while cuttings may take only two years.
- Seed pods take about six months to mature, at which time they turn brown and split open.
- Seeds are winged for wind dispersal and there may be more than 250 seeds on one flowerhead in a good year.
Sowing the seeds
- Sow seeds in a pot filled with a well-drained seed raising mix, cover with a fine layer of mix and water well.
- Transplant seedlings into a freely draining potting mix that does not contain any added nutrients.
- Add some slow-release low phosphorus fertiliser several weeks later.
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