Skip to content

Research papers and articles

Ashmore S E, *Hamilton K N, *Offord C A, 2011, ‘Conservation technologies for safeguarding and restoring threatened flora: case studies from Eastern Australia’ In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Plant, 47(1): 99-109.
 
Banks J C G, 2002, 'Wollemi Pine: tree find of the 20th century', In: Australia's Ever-changing Forests V, Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Australian Forest History, Eds J Dargavel, D Gaughwin & B Libbis, CRES, Canberra: pp. 85-89.
 
*Benson J, 1996, ‘Threatened by discovery: research and management of the Wollemi Pine, Wollemia nobilis Jones, Hill & Allen', in Stephens, S & Maxwell, S (eds) Back From the Brink: Refining the threatened species recovery process, Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney, pp. 105-109.
 
*Benson J S, 2002, 'Population ecology of the Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis)'. In Landsberg, J. (ed.) Ecology 2000. Pp. 25 in Handbook of the Second Joint Meeting of the Ecological Society of Australia and the New Zealand Ecological Society (Ecological Society of Australia: Canberra).
 
*Benson J S & *Allen C, 2007, Vegetation associated with the Wollemia nobilis (Araucariaceae). Cunninghamia 10(2): 255-262.
 
Biggs L E,  2009, Mycorrhizal inoculation, endophytic colonization, and allelopathic potential of Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis) roots, B.Sc. University of British Columbia, 2006, A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science in the college of graduate studies (biology) The University of British Columbia (Okanagan) September 2009.
 
*Briggs B G, 2000, ‘What is significant - the Wollemi Pine or the southern rushes?’ Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 87: 72-80.
 
Brophy J, Goldsack R J, Wu M M Z, Fooks J R & Forster P I, 2000, ‘The steam volatile oil of Wollemia nobilis and its comparison with other members of the Araucariaceae (Agathis and Araucaria)’, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 28: 563-578.
 
*Bullock S, *Summerell B A & *Gunn L V, 2000, ‘Pathogens of the Wollemi Pine, Wollemia nobilis’, Australasian Plant Pathology, 29: 211–214.
 
Burrows G E, 1987, ‘Leaf axil anatomy in the Araucariaceae’. Australian Journal of Botany 35: 631–640.
 
Burrows G E, 1999, ‘Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis, Araucariaceae) possesses the same unusual leaf axil anatomy as the other investigated members of the family’. Australian Journal of Botany 47: 61–68.
 
Burrows G E, 2009, ‘Agathis, Araucaria and Wollemia all possess unusual meristems in their leaf axils’. pp. 87-94, in Bieleski R L & Wilcox M D (eds), Araucariaceae: Proceedings of the 2002 Araucariaceae Symposium. The International Dendrology Society, Dunedin.
 
Burrows G E (2012) Elusive but not hypothetical: axillary meristems in Wollemia nobilis
Annals of Botany, 109: 1-2.
 
Burrows G E & *Bullock S, 1999, ‘Leaf anatomy of Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis, Araucariaceae)’, Australian Journal of Botany, 47:795-806.
 
Burrows G E, *Meagher P F & Heady R D, 2007, ‘An anatomical assessment of branch abscission and branch base hydraulic architecture in the endangered Wollemi nobilis’. Annals of Botany 99(4): 609-623 PDF  Abstract
 
Burrows G E, *Offord C A, *Meagher P F and Ashton K, 2003, 'Axillary meristems and the development of epicormic buds in Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis)', Annals of Botany, 92:935-844.
 
Cantrill D J & Falcon-Lang H J 2001, ‘Cretaceous (Late Albian) coniferales of Alexander Island, Antarctica. 2. Leaves, reproductive structures and roots’, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 115: 119-145.
 
*Chambers T C, Drinnan A N & McLoughlin S, 1998, ‘Some morphological features of Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis, Araucariaceae) and their comparison to Cretaceous plant fossils’, International Journal of Plant Science, 159: 160-171.
 
Department of Environment and Climate Change, 2007, Recovery Plan Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis),  Revised from NPWS 1998.
 
Dettmann M E & Jarzen D M, 2000, 'Pollen of extant Wollemia (Wollemi Pine) and comparisons with pollen of other extant and fossil Araucariaceae, in M.M. Harley, C.M. Morton & S. Blackmore (Eds). Pollen & Spores: Morphology & Biology, pp. 197-203. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.
 
Dragota S and Riederer M, 2007, ‘Epicuticular Wax Crystals of Wollemia nobilis: Morphology and Chemical Composition’, Annals of Botany. 100 (2): 225-231 PDF Abstract
 
*Entwisle T, 2003, 'Stored in the rings', Nature Australia, 27(10):76-77.
 
Falcon-Lang H J & Cantrill D J, 2000, ‘Cretaceous (Late Albian) coniferales of Alexander Island, Antarctica. 1: Wood taxonomy: a quantitative approach’, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 111: 1-17.

*Fensom G & *Offord C, 1997, ‘Propagation of the Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis)’, Combined Proceedings of the International Plant Propagators Society, 47: 66-67.
 
*Gilmore S & *Hill K D, 1997, ‘Relationships of the Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis) and a molecular phylogeny of the Araucariaceae’, Telopea, 7: 275-291.
 
Grace L, Cook J, Hargreaves C, *Meagher P, Menzies M, *Offord C & Trueman S, 2005, Somatic embryogenesis in Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis). Poster presented at IAPTC Conference, February 2005, Christchurch New Zealand.
 
*Greenfield A, *McPherson H, Auld T, Delaney S, *Offord C A, *Van Der Merwe M, *Yap J-Y S, *Rossetto M, 2016. Whole-chloroplast analysis as an approach for fine-tuning the preservation of a highly charismatic but critically endangered species, Wollemia nobilis (Araucariaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 64(8): 654-658.
 
Haig T, Pratley J, An Min, Haig T & Hilderbrand S, 2005,Using allelopathy to search for new natural herbicides from plants’: in Harper, J.D.I., An, M., Wu, H., Kent, J.H. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Allelopathy. Charles Sturt University, Wagga, Australia. pp. 565-568.
 
Hanson L, 2001, ‘Chromosome number, karyotype and DNA C-value of the Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis, Araucariaceae)’, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society,135: 271-274.
 
Heady R, 2002. 'Micro-structure of Araucariaceae', In: Australia's Ever-changing Forests V, Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Australian Forest History, Eds J Dargavel, D Gaughwin & B Libbis, CRES, Canberra: pp 90-10.
 
Heady R D, Banks J G & Evans P D, 2002, 'Wood anatomy of Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis, Araucariaceae)', IAWA Journal 23: 339-357.
 
*Hill K D, 1995, ‘The Wollemi Pine, watch out, look around you’, The Gardens, 27: 8-9.
 
*Hill K D, 1996, ‘The Wollemi Pine: discovering a living fossil’, Nature and Resources, 32: 20-25.
 
*Hill K D, 1997, ‘Architecture of the Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis, Araucariaceae), a unique combination of model and reiteration’, Australian Journal of Botany, 45: 817-826.
 
*Hill K D, 2003, 'The Wollemi Pine, another living fossil?’, Acta Horticulturae, 615: 157-164.
 
Hogbin P M, Peakall R & Sydes M A, 2000, ‘Achieving practical outcomes from genetic studies of rare Australian plants’, Australian Journal of Botany, 48: 375-382.
 
Jones W G, *Hill K D & *Allen J M, 1995, ‘Wollemia nobilis, a new living Australian genus and species in the Araucariaceae’, Telopea, 6: 173–176.
 
Kershaw P, & Wagstaff B, 2001, ‘The southern conifer family ARAUCARIACEAE: History, Status, and Value for Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 32:397-414.
 
Lambert J B & Poinar Jr G O, 2002, 'Amber: the organic gemstone', Accounts of Chemical Research, 35: 628-636.
 
Lambert, J B, Shawl C E, Poinar Jr G O & Santiago-Blay J A, 1999, 'Classification of modern resins by solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Bioorganic Chemistry, 27: 409-433.
 
Lambert J B, Wu Y & Santiago-Blay J A, 2005, Taxonomic and chemical relationships revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of plant exudates, Journal of Natural Products, 68:635-648.
 
Lobreau-Callen D & *Meagher P F, 2009, ‘Pollen of extant Araucariaceae: morphology and ultrastructure. A review of published SEM and TEM observations’, In Bieleski, R L & Wilcox, M D (Eds) The Araucariaceae. Proceedings of the 2002 Araucariaceae Symposium Araucaria-Agathis-Wollemia. The International Dendrology Society, Auckland NZ. pp. 108-120.
 
Macphail M, Carpenter R J, 2014, ‘New potential nearest living relatives for Araucariaceae producing fossil Wollemi Pine-type pollen (Dilwynites granulates W.K. Harris, 1965)’, Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 38(1): 135-139.
 
Macphail M, Carpenter R J, Iglesias A, Wilf P, 2013, ‘First Evidence for Wollemi Pine-type Pollen (Dilwynites: Araucariaceae) in South America’, PLoS ONE 8(7): e69281. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069281.
 
Macphail M, *Hill K, Partridge A, Truswell E & Foster C, 1995, ‘Wollemi Pine - old pollen records for a newly discovered genus of gymnosperm’, Geology Today, 11: 48-49.
 
McGee P A, *Bullock S & *Summerell B A, 1999, ‘Structure of mycorrhizae of the Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis) and related Araucariaceae’, Australian Journal of Botany, 47: 85-95.
 
*Meagher P & *Offord C, 2002, 'The Wollemi pine: more than a new landscape tree', Parks and Leisure Australia 5(4): 11-14.
 
*Meagher P F & *Offord C A, 2006, ‘Survivor! The tree that survived the dinosaurs’, Australian Age of Dinosaurs, 4:46-59.
 
*Meagher P F & *Offord C A, 2009, 'Understanding the Wollemi Pine: strategies for conservation, in Bieleski R L & Wilcox M D (eds), Araucariaceae: Proceedings of the 2002 Araucariaceae Symposium. The International Dendrology Society, Dunedin pp 409-418.
 
*Meagher P, *Offord C, Cui P H, Duke R & Duke C, 2004, Storage of Wollemia nobilis seed: effects of moisture content and temperature on germination, survival and fatty acid content, Poster Millennium Seed Bank Workshop, Brisbane June 2004.
 
NPWS, 1998, 'Wollemi Pine Recovery Plan', NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney.
 
*Offord C A, 1995, ‘Horticultural research on the Wollemi Pine’, The Gardens, 27: 9–10.
 
*Offord C A, 1996, ‘Conserving the Wollemi Pine: an integrated approach’, Danthonia, 5: 12–14.
 
*Offord C A, 2011, ‘Pushed to the limit: consequences of climate change for the Araucariaceae: a relictual rain forest family’, Annals of Botany, 108: 347-357.
 
*Offord C A, *Porter C L, *Meagher P F & *Errington G, 1999, ‘Sexual reproduction and early plant growth of the Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis), a rare and threatened Australian conifer’, Annals of Botany, 84: 1–9.
 
*Offord C A & *Meagher P F, 2001, ‘Effects of temperature, light and stratification on seed germination of Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis, Araucariaceae)', Australian Journal of Botany, 49:699-704.
 
*Offord C A & *Meagher P F, 2006, Wollemi Pine: from the wild to the world, Chronica Horticulturae 45(2):10-13.
 
*Offord C A, *Meagher P F & *Zimmer H C, 2014, ‘Growing up or growing out? How soil pH and light affect seedling growth of a relictual rainforest tree’, Annals of Botany Plants, AoB PLANTS, 6: doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plu011.
 
Peakall R, 1998, ‘Exceptionally low genetic diversity in an ancient relic, the Wollemi Pine: implications for conservation theory and practice’, Abstracts 86, 45th Annual Meeting of the Genetics Society of Australia.
 
Peakall R, Ebert D, Scott L J, *Meagher P F, and *Offord C A, 2003.  'Comparative genetic study confirms exceptionally low genetic variation in the ancient and endangered relictual conifer, Wollemia nobilis (Araucariaceae)'.  Molecular Ecology, 12(9):2331-2343.  
 
Pohia K E , Wallace H M , Peters R F , Smith T E  & Trueman S J, 2005, 'Cuttings of Wollemi Pine tolerate moderate photoinhibition and remain highly capable of root formation, Trees, 19: 587-595.
 
*Rigg J L, *Offord C A, Singh B K, Anderson I C, Clarke S, Powell J R, 2016 'Variation in soil microbial communities associated with critically endangered Wollemi Pine affects fungal, but not bacterial, assembly within seedling roots', Pedobiologia. 59 (1-2): 61-71.
 
Seal A N, Pratley J E, Haig T J, An M, & Wu H, 2010, ‘Plants with phytotoxic potential: Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis)’. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 135 (1-2): 52-57.
 
Setoguchi H, Osawa T A, Pintaud J C, Jaffre T & Veillon J-M, 1998, ‘Phylogenetic relationships within Araucariaceae based on rbcL gene sequences’, American Journal of Botany, 85: 1507–1516.
 
Stefanovíc S, Jager M, Deutsch J, Broutin J & Masselot M, 1998, ‘Phylogenetic relationships of conifers inferred from partial 28S rDNA gene sequences’, American Journal of Botany, 85: 688–697.
 
Slippers B., *Summerell B.A., Crous P. W., Coutinho T.A., Wingfield B. D. & Wingfield M.J. 2005, 'Preliminary studies on Botryosphaeria species from Southern Hemisphere conifers in Australasia and South Africa', Australasian Plant Pathology, 34: 1-8.
 
Strobel G A, Hess W M, Li J-Y, Ford E, Sears J, Sidhu R S & *Summerell B, 1997, ‘Pestalotiopsis guepinii, a Taxol-producing Endophyte of the Wollemi Pine, Wollemia nobilis’, Australian Journal of Botany, 45: 1073–1082.
 
Tomlinson P B & Murch S J, 2009, ‘Wollemia nobilis (Araucariaceae): Branching, vasculature and histology in juvenile stages’, American Journal of Botany. 96: 1787-1797.
 
Tomlinson P B & Huggett B A, 2011, ‘Partial shoot reiteration in Wollemia nobilis (Araucariaceae) does not arise from ‘axillary meristems’. Annals of Botany 107: 909–916.
 
Trueman S J, Pegg G S & King J, 2007, ‘Domestication for Conservation of an Endangered Species: The Case of the Wollemi Pine’, Tree and Forestry Science and Biotechnology. 1: 1-10.
 
Trueman S J, Peters R F, 2006, ‘Propagation of Wollemi Pine from tip cuttings and lower segment cuttings does not require rooting hormones’, Scientia horticulturae. 109(4): 394-397.
 
*Yap J-Y S, Rohner T, *Greenfield A, *Van Der Merwe M, *McPherson H, Glenn W, Kornfeld G, Marendy E, Pan A Y H, Wilton A, Wilkins M R, *Rossetto M, Delaney S K, 2015, Complete Chloroplast Genome of the Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis): Structure and Evolution. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0128126. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0128126 PDF  Abstract
 
*Zimmer H C, 2016, ‘Limits to recruitment of a rare conifer: Wollemia nobilis’, PhD Thesis University of Melbourne, Australia.
 
*Zimmer H C, Auld T D, *Benson J & Baker P J, 2014, ‘Recruitment bottlenecks in the rare Australian conifer Wollemia nobilis’, Biodiversity and Conservation, 23: 203-215.
 
*Zimmer H C, Auld T D, *Hughes L, *Offord C A & Baker P J, 2014, ‘Fuel flammability and fire responses of juvenile canopy species in a temperate rainforest ecosystem’ International Journal of Wildland Fire 24(3): 349-360.
 
*Zimmer H C, Brodribb T J, Delzon S & Baker P J, 2016, ‘Drought avoidance and vulnerability in the Australian Araucariaceae’, Tree Physiology, 36: 218-228.
 
*Zimmer H C, *Meagher P F, Auld T D, *Plaza J and *Offord C A, 2015, ‘Year-to-year variation in cone production in Wollemi nobilis (Wollemi Pine)’. Cunninghamia, 15:79-85.
 
*Zimmer H C, *Offord C A, Auld T D  & Baker P J, 2016, ‘Establishing a wild, ex situ population of a critically endangered shade-tolerant rainforest conifer: A translocation experiment’ PLoS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0157559.
 
Other articles & books
 
ABC TV, 1997 A Green Dinosaur - Wollemi Pines, Quantum
 
Brack C and Brookhouse M, 2017. 'Where the old things are: Australia's most ancient trees'. The Conservation 18/4/17
 
da Silva, W., Dec 1997, 'On the trail of the lonesome Pine', New Scientist, 156: 36-39.
 
Diver J, 2002, 'Leave the Wollemi Pine alone', Australian Geographic, 66: 37.
 
Duffy D, 1997, 'David Noble and the Wollemi Pine' in Foster, D & Duffy, M (eds) Crossing the Blue Mountains: Journeys through two centuries, from naturalist Charles Darwin to novelist David Foster, Duffy & Snellgrove, Sydney, pp. 177-186.
 
Jamieson V, 2005, Rare Prehistoric Pine to be Saved by Sales, New Scientist, 188 (2522):43-45.
 
Lake J, 2000, ‘"Living fossil" set to become next trend', Australian Horticulture, 98(6):41-44.
 
McLoughlin S & Vajda V, 2005, Ancient Wollemi Pines resurgent, American Scientist, 93:540-547.
 
Meagher P & Offord C, 2000, 'Wollemi Pine: back to the future', The Gardens, 44:6.

Morton A, 2020, '"Dinosaur trees"': Firefighters save endangered Wollemi pines from NSW bushfires.' The Guardian, January 15 2020
 
Offord C, 1996, 'Australia's living fossil tree - the, Australian Garden History, 8(3):11.
 
Peakall R, 2003, 'No genetic variation in the Wollemi Pine', The Gardens, Summer 2003:3.
 
Ravallion J, 2000, 'New Wollemi Pine site found', Danthonia 9(3):5.
 
Strom M, 2017. 'New discovery gives hope of survival for critically endangered Wollemi Pine'. Sydney Morning Herald, Jan 8 2017.  
 
Strom M, 2016. 'Fungal threat: secret Wollemi Pine population offers hope for species' survival'. Sydney Morning Herald, 26 August 2016

Tasker E M, 2003, ‘Nursing an 'extinct' tree back to health’, National Geographic News.
 
Various authors, August 2001, 'The Wollemi Pine: a survivor from the time of the dinosaurs'.  An insert in the Friends of the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney’s magazine updating research findings.
 
Von Kramer H, 2000, 'Zur Verjungung der Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis) - Regeneration of the Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis)’. Forst und Holz 55 Jahrgang, 14: 454-455.
 
Williams R and Fisher D, 2016. 'Securing the future of the Wollemi Pine'. The Science Show, ABC Radio National, 29 October 2016
 
Woodford J, 2000, ‘The Wollemi Pine’, Text Publishing, Melbourne.
 
Woodford J, 2005, 'Prehistoric miracle: Our dinosaur tree', Australian Geographic, 80: 50-57.

Zimmer H and Offord C, 2020, 'Backyard gardeners around the world are helping to save Australia's deeply ancient Wollemi pine'. The Conversation, 3 June 2020

* indicates staff and students of the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney